aquilaria agallocha

The Forestry Compendium gives the following information for
Aquilaria malaccensis (syn. A. agallocha). I couldn’t find any publications
on A. malaccensis/A. agallocha in Brazil on TREE-CD.

For further information about the Forestry Compendium or TREE-CD
send an e-mail to publishing@cabi.org

Tim Green
Forestry Compendium
CAB International
————
PREFERRED NAME
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.

TAXONOMIC POSITION
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Thymelaeales
Family: Thymelaeaceae

OTHER NAMES USED
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
Aquilaria ovata Cav.
Agallochum malaccense (Lam.) Kuntze
Aquilariella malaccensis (Lam.) Tiegh.

COMMON NAMES
- English:
agarwood
eaglewood
aloeswood
- Bangladesh:
agor
- Myanmar:
akyaw
- Germany:
Adlerholz
- Kalimantan:
calambac
tengkaras
- Sumatra:
alim
halim
karek
- India:
agaru
sasi
- Peninsular Malaysia:
gaharu
karas
- Sabah (Malaysia):
calambac
tengkaras
- Sarawak:
calambac
tengkaras
- Vietnam:
kanankoh

TRADE NAMES
eagle wood
aloe wood
jinkoh
jinko

IMPORTANCE
A. malaccensis is a medium-size to large tree up to 40 m tall and 60
cm in diameter. Natural populations occur widely in South and South-East
Asia. It produces agarwood which is used in perfumes, incense and medicines,
and can be extremely valuable depending on the oleoresin content of the wood
(Sumadiwangsa, 1997). Agarwood consists of irregular patches of dark wood in
which the heavily scented oleoresins are concentrated; it appears to develop
as a result of physiological disturbance (wounding, insect or fungal attack)
(Rao and Dayal, 1992). The potentially high value of the wood has resulted
in indiscriminate felling of natural populations in some cases, and the
species is listed in CITES Appendix II (species which may become threatened
if trade is not controlled and monitored).

A. malaccensis has not been widely established in plantations
because of the uncertainty of production of its main product, agarwood;
however, plantations have mainly been established in Assam, other parts of
north-east India and Bangladesh. A trial was also established in Peninsular
Malaysia in 1928; after 67 years the trees had attained a diameter of 56 cm.
Further research is needed on conservation of natural resources, selection
of appropriate material and management in plantations, and induction of
agarwood formation through artificial injury and or inoculation with fungi.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Natural latitude range

Approximate limits north to south: 27°N to 5°S

List of countries with natural populations
Bangladesh
Bhutan
[India]
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
West Bengal
[Indonesia]
Kalimantan
Sumatra
[Malaysia]
Peninsular Malaysia
Sabah
Sarawak
Myanmar
Philippines
Vietnam

List of countries where planted
Bangladesh
[India]
Assam
[Malaysia]
Peninsular Malaysia

ENVIRONMENTAL AMPLITUDE
Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 29 – 1000m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500 – 6500mm
- Rainfall regime: summer
- Dry season duration: 0 – 4months
- Mean annual temperature: 22 – 28ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 – 40ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 14 – 22ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: 5ºC

- Soil texture: light; medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: acid; neutral
- Special soil tolerances: shallow; Other

Silvicultural characteristics descriptors
- Tolerates drought; shade
- Ability to suited for coppicing

Silvicultural practice descriptors
- Seed storage recalcitrant
- Stand establishment using natural regeneration; planting stock

Pests recorded
Phialophora parasitica

USES
Products
1. Wood
Descriptors: fuelwood; round wood; posts; stakes; sawn or hewn
building timbers; for light construction; carpentry/joinery; containers;
crates; wood based materials; plywood; charcoal
2. Non-wood
Descriptors: resins; oils; medicinal products; bark products; Other

REFERENCES
Beniwal BS, 1989. Silvical characteristics of Aquilaria agallocha
Roxb. Indian Forester, 115(1):17-21; 9 ref.

Bhaskar V, 1984. Seed germination of agarwood tree (Aquillaria
agallocha Roxb.) under Bangalore conditions. Myforest, 20(1):2-3; 2 ref.

Bose SR, 1943. Agaru production by fungal inoculation in Aquilaria
agallocha trees in Assam. Abstr. in Proc. 30th Indian Sci. Congr. Part. 3
(45).

Burkill IH, 1966. Dictionary of the economic products of Malayan
Peninsular Vol. I. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives.

Chaudhari DC, 1993. Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis, (A.
agallocha, Roxb.). MFP News, 3(4):12-13.

Chowdhery HJ, 1994. Arunachal Pradesh, its people and ethnobotanical
diversity in a conservation perspective. Ethnobiology in human welfare:
abstracts of the fourth international congress of ethnobiology, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India, 17 21 November, 1994, 126.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India), 1948. The
wealth of India: a dictionary of raw materials and industrial products. Raw
materials. Volume I. 284 pp.

Das DK, 1963. Agar industry in Pakistan. The Pakistan Journal of
Forestry, 13(2):194-197.

Gamble JS, 1984. A manual of Indian timbers. (Reprint) Dehra Dun,
India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.

Gibson IAS, 1977. The role of fungi in the origin of oleoresin
deposits (agaru) in the wood of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan
Patrika, 6(1):16-26; 2 pl.; 13 ref.

Hawksworth DL, Gibson IAS, 1976. Phialophora parasitica. CMI
Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 504, 2 pp.; 1 ref.

Hou D, 1962. Thymelaeaceae. In: Van Steenis CGGJ, ed. Flora
Malesiana, Vol. 6. The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff International
Publishers. pp. 6-15.

Hou D, 1964. Notes on some Asiatic species of Aquilaria
(Thymelaceae). Blumea 12 (2): 285-288; 11 refs.

Jalaluddin M, 1977. A useful pathological condition of wood.
Economic Botany, 31(2):222-224; 5 ref.

LaFrankie JV, 1994. Population dynamics of some tropical trees that
yield non-timber forest products. Economic Botany, 48(3):301-309; 28 ref.

Lok EngHai, Ahmed Zahaidi Yahya, Lok EH, 1996. The growth
performance of plantation grown Aquilaria malaccensis in Peninsular
Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(4):573-575; 6 ref.

Pearson RS, Brown HP, 1981. Commercial timber of India, Volume 1.
New Delhi, India: AJ Printers Agency.

Rahman MA, Basak AC, 1980. Agar production in agar tree by
artificial inoculation and wounding. Bano Biggyan Patrika, publ. 1982,
9(1-2):87-93; 8 ref.

Rahman MA, Khisa SK, 1984. Agar production in agar tree by
artificial inoculation and wounding. II. Further evidences in favour of agar
formation. Bano Biggyan Patrika, recd. 1986, 13(1-2):57-63; 14 ref.

Rao KR, Dayal R, Ramesh Rao K, 1992. The secondary xylem of
Aquilaria agallocha (Thymelaeaceae) and the formation of ‘agar’. IAWA
Bulletin, 13(2):163-172; 15 ref.

Sidiyasa K, Sutomo S, Soewanda AP-R, 1986. Exploration and study of
regeneration of ‘gaharu’ producing species in Kintap forest region, South
Kalimantan. [Eksplorasi dan studi permudaan jenis-jenis penghasil gaharu di
Wilayah Hutan Kintap, Kalimantan Selatan.] Buletin Penelitian Hutan, Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan, No. 474, 59-66; En captions; 5 ref.

Sumadiwangsa S, 1997. Agarwood as a high-value commodity in East
Kalimantan [Kayu gaharu komoditi elit di Kalimantan Timur]. Duta Rimba, 20
(205/206): 33-40.

Wong TM, 1982. A dictionary of Malaysian timbers. xviii + 259 pp.;
Malayan Forest Records No. 30; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Forest Department.

source : balikayana. com

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