Why Gaharu/Agarwood is chosen?
Gaharu be one of the not wood forest result commodity (Indonesian called “HHBK”). The price is very special when compared with another HHBK. The high selling price of the Gaharu pushes society to cacth the opportunity. For example, in the early year 2001, at East Borneo (Kalimantan Timur) precisely at pujangan (kayan) Gaharu price can achieve rp. 600.000, – per kilogram. At the retail level, these price of course become higher. Gaharu contribution showed increase for foreign exchange result. According to Indonesia Statistics Centre, average exported value for gaharu every year from 1990 to 1998 as big as US$ 2 million, and in the year 2000 increase to be US$ 2.2 million.
Common society oftentimes makes hazy gaharu term with gaharu tree. According to SNI 01-5009.1-1999 gaharu is defined as a kind of wood with various form and special colour, with has natural fragrant resin that comes from tree or part of the tree that grow naturally and die in consequence of a infection process that either through natural or product at one particular birch, which is on usually happen in aquilaria sp. tree (region name: Karas, Alim, Garu and others).
Gaharu is known because has special aroma and can be used to various need like perfume, room deodorant, joss stick (completion prays for Buddhism, Kong Hu Cu, Hindu), medicine, and other.
Gaharu trade in so many form, like shaped hunk, chips and powder. Hunk form can be in the form of statue or unique form (natural sculpture) or without form absolutely. The colour may vary begin from near white until deep brown or near blackness, depending fragrant resin degree and by itself more strong fragrant. Usually the gaharu colour is made base in gaharu quality determination. More black/thicker colour, the fragrant resin is more excelsior, and also value sell it. More black/thicker gaharu colour, show the infection process excelsior, and gain strength aroma result. Colour guide and this aroma is not absolute, because in reality, this colour can be deceived with dye applications, while aroma can be deceived with dye gaharu into gaharu destilat. Only experienced and long splash in gaharu trade that can distinguish between the high quality gaharu with lower quality (kemedangan).
In indonesia, gaharu trade stills in the form of hunk, chips and or gaharu powder. Society not yet interested to cultivate gaharu to furthermore because of lack information and process. Acctualy gaharu can be process become destilat gaharu, perfume, chopstick, and others, of course will increase the selling value.
Gaharu produce by infection trees that grow at tropical zone and Gaharu clan are aquilaria, gyrinops and gonystilus, it is entirety belong to thymelaeaceae kin. Aquilaria clan consist of 15 species, widespread at asia tropical begins from Indian, Pakistan, Burma, Laos , Thailand, Combodia, South China, Malaysian, Filipine and Indonesia. Six of them found in indonesia (a. malaccensis, a. microcarpa, a. hirta, a. beccariana, a. cumingiana and a. filarial). Sixth kind of them found almost in all Indonesia archipelago, except Java, Bali and South East Island. Gonystilus clan has 20 species, widespread at south-east asia begins from Malaysian, Peninsula, Serawak, Sabah, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Filipine and Solomon Archipelago until Nicobar Archipelago. Nine spicies found in indonesia that is at Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, Maluku and Irian Jaya. Gyrinops clan has seven species. six of them widespread in part of east indonesia and one species found at Srilanka. Cause incidence infection (that produce gaharu) in producer gaharu tree, up to now still on research. But, researchers guesses that there are 3 infection process cause elements in producer gaharu tree, that is (1) Infection caused fungi, (2) Injuried and (3) process non-phatology. In first group, santoso (1996) declare success isolated several fungi from tree aquilaria spp. infection that is: fusarium oxyporus, f. bulbigenium and f. laseritium. in case 2 and 3 appear hypothesis, that declare the injuried tree can push convalescence process appearance that produce gaharu. But this hypothesis still need verification.
Indonesia gaharu quality according to national has appointed in SNI 01-5009.1-1999 gaharu. Indonesia Standar National (SNI) gaharu is divided into 13 qualities class that consist of: •Gubal Gaharu divided into 3 classes quality (the best quality = equal with super quality; first quality = equal with quality AB; and second quality = equal with quality Sabah Super),
•Kemedangan divided in 7 classes quality (begin from first qualities = equal with quality TGA/TK1 up to quality seventh = equal with quality M3), and
•Gaharu ash divided in 3 classes quality (the best quality, first and second).
Practically in gaharu trade, gaharu quality distribution not the same between region one with other, although there is SNI 01-5009.1-1999 gaharu. for example, at West Kalimantan agreed on 9 quality kinds that is from super quality A (best) up to quality kemedangan crumble. While at East Kalimantan and Riau, the gaharu trader agreed on 8 quality, begin from super quality A (best) up to quality kemedangan. The standard at the field not the same because existence SNI gaharu so far not yet many known and maked use by collectors. Beside that, as another product SNI forest result, applications SNI gaharu stills has voluntary, where there is no duty to use it. Gaharu utilization from nature tradisionally in indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra), will guarantee the source tree preservation, that is only participate existing tree the gaharu without having to fells the tree. Gaharu harvesting best from gaharu producer trees that has diameter above 20 cm. But, in line with the increasing of market request and selling value from gaharu, local society get competitor from gaharu trader from other place, so that they compete to hunt gaharu. Finally, gaharu utilization tradisionally that threaten in indefensible preservation principle again. this matter affects, more at least gaharu source trees. Even at several places, gaharu has been declared seldom/almost destroyed. this matter is caused by because citizen not again only catch existing part of the gaharu tree, but direct fell the tree. They fell the tree decreased to be under 20 cm diameter, and of course quality of gaharu that they got is not optimal. Consequence more gaharu producer tree strightened the scarce, in COP (conference of parties) at – 9 CITES (convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna) at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA (7 – 18 November 1994) conference entrants on Indians proposal gets proposal enrollment one of the gaharu producer species (a. malaccensis) in cites appendix ii. Thereby during 90 days since acceptance/stipulating proposal, species trade must be done with procedure CITES.
The problem, up to now the trade of in the form of hunk, chips, powder, destilat sandalwood with product ends to like chopstick, pencil, perfume, and others difficult to identifying those gaharu by kind of a. malaccensis or from other species. To solve this problem, final good policy that is also permanent receivers applies procedure cites towards every gaharu product, loose to what product come from species a. malaccensis or not. this matter caused by a large part gaharu producer species population at nature has presented on course threatened destroyed. thereby supposed gaharu producer species population saveable. source homepage dephut. go. id
reference :balikayana.com
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