Mustofa Hadi Abdulqodir intention to plant 39 seedlings of aloes on the sidelines of a rubber tree is very simple: just wanted to take a strong bark. He wants to use it as a carrier strap rubber latex. But the suggestion of relatives he put the liquid in the fungi Fusarium sp 3 hole. Two years later, in October 2008, cut down a tree Abdulqodir it and get a 300 kg kemedangan worth Rp300.000 per kg. Kemedangan of 100 kg were sold, 50 years old male earnings were Rp30-millions.
Fusarium is inoculated into the tree network germs actually cause disease. Therefore gaharu trees to produce resin against fitoaleksin so called germs do not spread to other tree networks. Over time, the hardened resin in the corners of xylem vessels and organs Phloem-food distribute tree-brown, and fragrant when burned. That kemedangan harvested by Abdulqodir, planters in Simpangtiga, Kotabaru District, Jambi Province.
If a longer time of inoculation, 2-4 years, which was originally kemedangan turned brown to blackish color and more fragrant resin due to higher levels. That pig is now a valuable gaharu Rp5-million-a Rp15-millions per kg. Therefore let Abdulqodir other gaharu tree 38 after inoculation. He kept the treasure in the trees. Imagine, a 15-year-old trees like Abdulqodir property would yield an average of 1 kg pig. With the lowest quality and lowest price per kg Rp 5-million, Rp190-million turnover.
Noon in West Kalimantan, H. Has Syamhuddin Raden tree harvesting Karas 3. The man was 54 years do not remember the number and quality of aloe production of trees 10 years ago he was hurt in a way slashed, ironwood memantek blade, until the sugar solution mengucuri to appear pig. The Syamhuddin remember, from 3 tree harvest in April 2007, he obtained Rp11-millions.
Award-winning best village head as West Kalimantan in the field of nature conservation still has 397 gaharu trees in rubber plantations covering 12 hectares. Average age 15 years with a 8-10 m tall, 25-30 cm in diameter. Sixty of these trees already inoculated fungi Fusarium sp in August 2006. That’s the suggestion of relatives who associate with Syamhuddin forestry researchers from the University Tanjungpura, Pontianak, West Kalimantan. November 2008, an offering price of container-Rp2 million per tree. He refused and chose to extend the period of inoculation until the time limit could not be determined.
Population shrinking.
Eaglewood which gives small income on Abdulqodir and Syamhuddin, not a tree, but the resin is produced from a particular genus of trees. Researcher Research and Development Center for Forest, MS Sumarna Yana explained, at least 27 species of trees that can form the aloe. Species that grow in tropical rain forests such as the genus Aquilaria Archipelago, Aetoxylon, Enkleia, Excoccaria, Dalbergia, Gonystylus, Gyrinops, and Wikstroemia. Gyrinops Aquilaria genus and most species, each have 9 species. Syamhuddin including Abdulqodir and who grow Aquilaria malaccensis.
The last two years many planters who cultivated gaharu harvesting. Eaglewood nature triggers a rapidly shrinking. In 2000 Asgarin (Eaglewood Exporters Association of Indonesian Entrepreneurs) survey of natural populations in a variety of aloes woods. The result in the remaining 26% of Sumatra, Kalimantan (27%), Nusa Tenggara (5%), Sulawesi (4%), Maluku (6%), Papua (37%).
The shrinking populations in nature because most of the hunters could not identify the gaharu trees are already infected with fungi. To obtain a tree containing a pig, they cut down to tens of trees. Trees that have not already bergubal and cut, just left. This almost happened in all the natural forests.
Kadir Ade, gaharu hunters in the village of Serawai, NANGAPINOH, Sanggau District, West Kalimantan, logging over 10 trees to pluck the terrace 20-30 kg super (pig in the Dayak language, ed). Kadir was carried out in the forests in the upper Kapuas River and the river Melawi. He tempted prices high terrace, Rp350.000 per kg. Of the 10 trees cut down trees just after 2 split of the terrace.
This phenomenon was detected by the outside world. On the 9th Convention of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) in Florida, the United States in November 1994, it was decided gaharu tree species malaccensis in Appendix II. This means that family members had limited trade Thymelaeaceae. Thirteen years later it was decided, the export quota species that may be taken from nature only 30 tons, 50 tons from the previous. Total export quota of gaharu Indonesia from year to year continue to fall. PHKA and Data mentioning CITES export quotas in 2000, some 225 tons; 2001 (200 tons); 2002 (180 tonnes) and 2003-2005 (175 tons).
in the convention the 13th CITES in Bangkok, Thailand in 2004, trade restrictions also apply to all natural aloe species. All products and the results of aloes in CITES Appendix II. The decision was based on the world market difficult to distinguish the origin of species malaccensis product or not. ‘The consequences of export and import sales of aloe products is determined quotas and must have permission from CITES,’ said Dr Tonny Soehartono, director and Biodiversity Conservation, Directorate General of Forestry Department PHKA. Implementation of quotas aim to ensure the distribution of tree species in the wild gaharu could well breed.
According to the scientific authority of CITES coordinator, Dr Gono Semiadi APU, the quota was not differentiate natural or cultivated gaharu. ‘You’d better report to the planters cultivating local BKSDA to get letters of recommendation. Was to make it easier when selling the harvest in the future, ‘he said. The reporting process to manufacture the news of the investigation show that planting activities for free.
With signs that mengebunkan hence the choice of aloes. Moreover, aloe can be cultivated at an altitude of 0-1500 m above sea level, 80% humidity, rainfall 1200-1600 mm per year, and adaptive in various types of soil. That is why the gardens of aloes are now appearing in many West Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara), Ketapang District (West Kalimantan), Sub-District and District Bentiring Argamakmur (Bengkulu), Pangkalpinang (Bangka Belitung), Bogor and Sukabumi (West Java), and District Kotabaru (Jambi). No less than Malem Sambat Kaban, Minister of Forestry of the United Indonesia Cabinet to encourage the planting of aloes.
Adi Saptono, planters in Pangkalbalam, Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, 300 plant species malaccensis, microcarpa, and beccariana in 2004. He planted in monoculture aloes with spacing 2 mx 2 m. Trees are grown in the garden behind the house is now 3.5 m height diameter of 10 cm. A year ago the trees were inoculated using the herb ’secret’. The contents of various herbs fungi: Fusarium, acremonium, and Aspergillus. Liter of fungi used to inoculate 2000 holes per tree. Adi so far not been able to guess the outcome. However, beyond that Adi had tasted the income from the herb ’secret’ is.
Partnering with a rubber planter in the garden ‘wild’ tree aloes 1-2, in November 2008 he had 5 trees harvested as high as 8 m in diameter 25 cm. The tree had been inoculated a liter of fungi in mid 2005. Adi obtain 22.5 kg of gaharu, 2.5 kg of pig quality B and 20 kg kemedangan. Her friend bought it for Rp2-juta/kg pig and kemedangan per kg Rp500.000-Rp1-million. Minimum income-Rp15 million ditangguk. Income was divided into two with the owner of the garden; Adi pocketed Rp7 ,5-million. There’s still another 70 gaharu tree that was waiting to be harvested.
Gunungselan Village, District Argamakmur, North Bengkulu, Rita Rosita 1700 plant species malaccensis gaharu trees on the grounds of 7000 m2. He menumpangsarikan malaccensis 1.5-year-old (spacing of 2.5 mx 2.5 m) with teak Tectona grandis trees was 4 years old and cocoa Theobroma cacao 3-year-old. On the fringes of the garden was lined cathecu Areca nut tree which was fruiting heavily.
Intercropping is not without cause. Other income can be achieved Rita pending gaharu trees inoculated fungi were prepared. Cacao plants already producing 2 kg / tree. Harvesting is done in 2 weeks as much as 7 kg of dry Rp12.000 price per kg. Betel nut occasionally harvested and sold Rp3.500 per kg. Once sold as much as 30 kg.
Ready to confront various obstacles aloe planters make profits. Opportunities would reap huge profits if the planters failed miserably fail as experienced menginokulasi H. Mahmuddin Sany. Planters in Langkat, North Sumatra, was inokulated an aloe tree from 20 trees planted in 2000. Rather than a pig, 18-20 cm diameter tree trunk had decayed. According Sany’s failure partly because he did not understand inokulan active period. When a solution of 2 mL of Fusarium fungi were inoculated on the 30th hole, the age of the microbe has expired since the previous 3 months. The result? The tree is dead.
This mushroom business is a bit tricky for planters. Not that they do not know technology, fungi, ‘I’ve tried shooting at a tree, but soon to die,’ said M Amin, Orong planters in the South Village, Gegerung Village, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Fed up with it he went back to the traditional way: nailed. From experience Amin tree 10 cm in diameter 3-4 m high that ‘inoculated’ 3 kg of nails for 2 years to produce 1 kg kemedangan. In addition there nailed another traditional way: stuck bamboo, ironwood, and zinc. Others sprinkle salt to put oil. The point is to make a tree ‘miserable’ so willing to spend aloes.
According to Dr Ir Mucharromah MSc, researcher aloes from Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture University of Bengkulu, the failure to react because the plant fungus gave different responses. Because it is absolutely no ‘match’ between the microbes inoculated with the plant. So difficult to determine the most appropriate microbes. ‘Whose name is pig-forming microbes that there are about 50 species,’ he said. Fusarium is effective in different Bogor eg in Bengkulu and West Nusa Tenggara. For the same planter as in Bengkulu, South Kalimantan, and concocting his own Pangkalpinang microbial herbs on the basis of observations in the field.
Muhaimin Batumandi planters in the village, district Batumandi, Balangan District, South Kalimantan, can be an example. In 2006 he menginokulasi 30 tree species of aloes 30-year-old microcarpa height of 25 m diameter of 40 cm using fungi ‘magic’. The results of the 2 trees harvested in mid-2008 Muhaimin received each of 4 kg kemedangan sell Rp1-million per kg. Mold material was derived from the local forest gaharu pig bred in the laboratory of agriculture.
User aloe also found a hard obstacle to get pig. That experienced CV Great Prime, gaharu exporters in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The years the company was founded in 1980 to export pig blackish brown in the form of chips. Chip is a pig-shaped irregular variable length 10-15 cm 4-6 cm in diameter. Strong and sharp aroma causes the chip is selected as raw materials fragrances. This Middle East market demand.
According to H. Bagis Faisal, owner of Great Prime CV, to get the pig is now difficult. Back in 1998 Prime Court CV gaharu export composition: 80% and 20% pig kemedangan. The condition is now turned 180 degrees. Export quota of 8 tons per year, 80% and 20% kemedangan pig. ‘It’s hard if you keep hoping for a natural pig,’ said Faisal.
Lived between
If planters made it through various obstacles pocketing huge profits are not pipe dreams. Many exporters and ready to absorb the reservoir aloes. Taufik Murad, the reservoir in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, aloe planters routinely pick through his legs, amounting to dozens of people.
Restaurant operators typically Lombok food was not processed aloe that. He immediately sent 50-100 kg per month subscription aloes to exporters in Jakarta and Surabaya. Taufik was operating in West Nusa Tenggara. Planters outside it does not need to worry. There are many container aloes. Data Asgarin mentions officially licensed container 41. They are scattered in Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan to Papua.
Problem purchase price? According to Joni Surya although many exporters and reservoirs, most do not want to expose blatant price. Please this business knowledgeable about the value of money large enough. ‘Trade gaharu trade just before the swallow’s nest in the 1990s. Closed nature, the standard price is less clear because the diversity is very high quality, ’said chairman Eaglewood 88, pioneer tree planting aloes in Bengkulu.
What often happens is the process of bargaining a tough price. ‘Eaglewood was bought scent, so could not have seen things. Even if you need to be tested, “said Taufik. Asgarin data can be a reference. Price highest quality gaharu, pig or a super super double A per kg of Rp10-Rp15-million-million. The next super pig Rp4-juta-Rp5-juta/kg responsibility. The lowest-called minister, Rp100.000/kg average.
Planters do not need to lose heart even though so far the poll results kemedangan limited cultivation of aloes which the selling price at the level Rp500.000-Rp1-juta/kg planters. With similar quality, planters, planter gaharu cultivation in Vietnam continued to boost the quality of gaharu through various technologies. This can be replicated planters in homeland because it is not impossible one time super pig who obtained the top price is relatively short cultivation. ‘This is our study in Vietnam,’ said Prof. Robert A. Blanchette, a researcher of aloes from the University of Minnesota United States, via electronic mail.
According to chairman Dr Faisal Salampessy Asgarin SH, demand continues to increase because of aloes bejibun usefulness. ‘Every religion in the world requires a burnt smell of aloes as a means of worship. India and China to absorb most of incense, ’said the doctor’s financial planner at the University of New Delhi’s India.
Religious addition, the pattern of life also influence. Aloes in the Middle East became necessities. ‘Arab community to use aloe for siwak or brush your teeth so the mouth does not smell. Climatic conditions of heat and passion to consume meat make their bodies smell that aloe is also used in fragrances, “said Dr SS Afdol Tharik Wastono MHum, professor of Arabic Literature Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia.
Currently, Indonesia became the largest producer of aloe in the world. Gaharu Indonesia’s total exports to Asian countries like Taiwan reached 92,188 kg. The number is up compared to 2005 (70.335 kg) and 2004 (32.365 kg). The majority of exported kemedangan. For the Middle East market declines exports: 2006 (39.400 kg), 2005 (67.245 kg). They want to pig Musababnya super hard to come by.
Because the complaint was lack of raw materials not just Taufik Murad. CV Ama Ina Rua, exporters in Jakarta are also shortages of aloes. According to Faisal Salampessy, director, whatever the production will be absorbed. Companies that stand in 2000 is now only 2-3 tons exported from the original 5.6 tons per month of aloes to Singapore.
According to Surya Joni forward cultivation gaharu trade. ‘How long can nature provide aloes?’ He asked. Especially in the future needs of aloes as aromatherapy and medicine increased. Usefulness as a drug, among others antiasma, antimicrobial, and hepatitis. That’s because aloes contain 17 active compounds such as agarospirol, aquilochin, and noroksoagarofuran.
Aromatic substance in the pig belonged to sesquiterpena has yet to be made synthetic. Recently a company in Germany’s largest perfume invited the researchers to test DNA homeland to find out the originator aloe scent. ‘They are concerned because there has never gets the raw materials always been absorbed by the Middle East market,’ says Dr. Teuku Tadjuddin, section chief for Biotechnology Puspiptek Serpong in Tangerang.
No wonder if the planting of aloes continued to expand. Moreover, prices continue to soar. If in 2001 per kg of gaharu Rp4 super-million-5-million, currently Rp10-Rp15-million-million. Similarly, AB-class pig prices are only Rp2-million-Rp3-million, now Rp4-million-5-million per kg.
88 Eaglewood in Bengkulu coordinate 42 farmer groups for the planting of 95,000 trees to aloes. Similarly Asgarin which requires each member to plant at least 2 hectares of aloes. H Mahmuddin chose to partner with the planters. Every year Mahmuddin expand plantings average 5-10 hectares. Huge profits gained attraction planters.
With the intention of Mataram University konservarsi (Unram) through Eaglewood Center campaigning planting aloes. One of them forest green Senaru village, Bayan subdistrict, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Of the land area of 225 hectares, of which 132 hectares have been planted over 100,000 tree aloes. ‘Gaharunisasi also conducted on campus,’ said Dr Sudirman, dean of the Faculty of Agriculture Unram. If the business and conservation can line unanimous, let alone who should wait?
author : bagus p
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